# Contents of /trunk/doc/inversion/CookMagnetic.tex

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 1 \chapter{Magnetic Inversion}\label{Chp:cook:magnetic inversion} 2 This gives an intro to standard magnetic inversion 3 4 5 \begin{itemize} 6 \item All onshore station points are above mean see level with positive 7 elevation. 8 9 \item Data have to be gridded to a rectangular in latitude and longitude 10 for gravity station records. 11 12 \item All corrections was applied for observed gravity data including 13 tidal, latitude and elevation. Bouguer anomalies have been utilized as 14 gravity data which was calculated using a density of $2.67 \frac{t}{m^3}$. 15 16 \item In this stage of processing, data have to contain positive and 17 negative numbers for Bouguer anomaly. 18 \end{itemize} 19 20 \section{Magnetic Data} 21 22 Although Magnetic and gravity methods are almost the same, Magnetic has its own complexity, elaboration and instability and it is very localized. Outer core of the Earth has a convection current which produce a magnetic field through the earth so magnetic fields are not central and their directions vary with azimuth. Its north pole is in the south of the Earth and south pole is in north of the earth. Meantime magnetic poles and its axis are not exactly coinciding with geographical one. Also poles are shifted continuously. The lines of magnetic field come out from south magnetic pole and go into north magnetic field. 23 24 The basic magnetic field or magnetic flux density in any medium is $B$. Meanwhile $H$ is a parameter proportional to $B$ in non magnetizable material. In magnetizable material $H$ is describe how $B$ is changed with polarization or magnetization. 25 26 All material magnetic behavior, refer on the magnetic moments of atoms or its ions, have a character, to be magnetized in an external magnetic field, which introduce as susceptibility. based on their magnetic susceptibility, material is compartmented in three main classes: diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. 27 28 Increasing in magnetic field anomalies over subsurface geological structure illustrate contrast between magnetization in neighboring rock properties. 29 30 Some particular ions in atmosphere release electrical currents so this external magnetic field acquire in the surface of the magnetic observation. Also in day time sun heating cause more motion in these particle. so this time related change of magnetic field is the diurnal variation which depends on the latitude . 31 32 Magnetic field intensity differ in latitude, longitude and altitude. the vertical gradient of magnetic field gives the elevation correction. It is varied from magnetic equator to magnetic poles. which is generally small. 33 34 latitude correction is zero in magnetic poles and equator and reaches a maximum at intermediate latitude. 35 36 The shape of the magnetic anomalies is distinguished by the form and the depth of the structure and depends on magnetization contrast and the objects orientation.\\ 37 global magnetic field is provided by International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) each 5 year. 38 39 40 In comparison to the correction of gravity observation, magnetic survey needs very few corrections. after compensation of diurnal correction, latitude and elevation corrections are applied. Then global magnetic field should be subtracted from data. finally magnetic anomaly is used in geophysical processing. 41 42 \begin{figure} 43 \centering 44 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sus3Dc.png} 45 \caption{Contour image through a 3 dimensional magnetic inversion which presents discrepancy in susceptibility. The magnetic of padding area of the model is not defined. Increasing and decreasing in susceptibility are indicated with red color and blue color respectively.} 46 \end{figure} 47 48 \begin{figure} 49 \centering 50 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{sus3D.png} 51 \caption{Depth image across previous 3D magnetic inversion which presents discrepancy in susceptibility. Diversity in susceptibility are detected with colors and contours.} 52 \end{figure} 53 54 \section{Input File} 55 56 This module of magnetic inversion needs 2 input files which contain magnetic anomalies and some constraint factors. The firs file contain magnetic anomalies, in which all corrections were applied previously, and the position of them. Elevation, latitude and longitude if the position are defined precisely. 57 58 The next file which includes some factors to figure the inversion escripts. 59 Again in magnetic inversion, a padding area present around the real data to smooth the effects of cutting data in boundaries. 60 61 A small part of sample of run_mag2D: 62 63 \begin{verbatim} 64 mu=10 65 THICKNESS=20.*U.km 66 DATASET='NSW_east.nc' 67 PAD_X = 0.2 68 PAD_Y = 0.2 69 l_air = 6. * U.km 70 n_cells_v = 25 71 \end{verbatim} 72 73 Almost all of constraints factors are the same as gravity instead of Mu factor.\\ 74 75 \begin{description} 76 77 \item[mu] 78 It is defined in accordance with the noise of data and it has a wide range to select from 0.0001 to 100. Also its does not have same value for 2D and 3D inversion. 79 80 \end{description} 81 82 \section{Output File} 83 84 After inversion completion, an output file with silo extension is created which is consisted inversion result. this file show the input data as magnetic anomaly and inverted susceptibility separately. The objective is indeed to predict a susceptibility model with have a best fit with input data. the inversion go forward to attain an acceptable volume for error in its mathematical function. 85 86 87 \section{Reference} 88 89 As some examples there are several inversions which have ran in some synthetic magnetic data sets . Here comparisons between synthetic susceptibility and inverted one are shown. 90 91 Some of the presumptions are the same for all of the examples to simplify the situation to make a logical comparison between synthetic input and output. which is as followed: 92 93 \begin{verbatim} 94 depth_offset=0.*U.km 95 l_data = 100 * U.km 96 l_pad=40*U.km 97 THICKNESS=20.*U.km 98 l_air=6*U.km 99 \end{verbatim} 100 101 The others assumptions comes with each example. 102 103 \begin{enumerate} 104 \item A 2D magnetic susceptibility area is created with one maximum and one minimum in two sides. that after inversion the main boundary of our dataset have got a best simulation.(\ref{fig:mag2D2}) 105 \end{enumerate} 106 \begin{verbatim} 107 n_cells_in_data=100 108 n_humbs_h= 2 109 n_humbs_v=1 110 mu=1. 111 \end{verbatim} 112 113 \begin{figure} 114 \centering 115 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mag2D2.png} 116 \caption{2D magnetic inversion up) the reference model down)the inverted model} 117 \label{fig:mag2D2} 118 \end{figure} 119 120 \item A 2D magnetic area with two maximum and two minimum intermittent is suggested. In this initial model two of the humps are located in the padding area which is not important after inversion, is omitted then. so in the result just two humps in middle of the boundary is observable.(\ref{fig:mag2D4}) 121 122 \begin{verbatim} 123 n_cells_in_data=100 124 n_humbs_h= 4 125 n_humbs_v=1 126 mu=1. 127 \end{verbatim} 128 129 \begin{figure} 130 \centering 131 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mag2D4.png} 132 \caption{2D magnetic model up) the reference model down)the inverted model} 133 \label{fig:mag2D4} 134 \end{figure} 135 136 \item A 3D magnetic model with one humbs in the middle of the area is proposed that surrounded all main and padding. after inversion just the main area is objective which have a good result for inversion.(\ref{fig:mag3D1-ref} and \ref{fig:mag3D1}) 137 138 \begin{verbatim} 139 n_humbs_h=4 140 n_humbs_v=1 141 mu=0.0001 142 n_cells_in_data=50 143 \end{verbatim} 144 145 \begin{figure} 146 \centering 147 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mag3D1-ref.png} 148 \caption{3D magnetic reference model with one maximum susceptibility} 149 \label{fig:mag3D1-ref} 150 \end{figure} 151 152 \begin{figure} 153 \centering 154 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{mag3D1.png} 155 \caption{3D magnetic inversion result} 156 \label{fig:mag3D1} 157 \end{figure} 158 \end{enumerate}

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