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 1 gross 2647 \begin{figure} 2 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/FaultSystem2D} 3 \caption{\label{FAULTSYSTEM2D}Two dimensional fault system with one fault named t in the $(x\hackscore{0},x\hackscore{1})$ and its parametrization in the 4 $w\hackscore{0}$ space. The fault has three segments.} 5 \end{figure} 6 7 \section{Fault System} 8 The \class{FaultSystem} is an easy to use interface to handle 2D and 3D fault systems \index{faults} as used for instance in simulating fault ruptures. The main purpose of the class is to provide a parametrization of an individual fault in the system of fault. In case of a 2D fault the fault is parametrized by a single value $w\hackscore{0}$ and in the case of a 3D fault two parameters $w\hackscore{0}$ and $w\hackscore{1}$ are used. Thsi parametrization can be used 9 to impose data (e.g. a slip distribution) onto the fault. It can also be a useful tool to visualize or analyse the results on the fault if the fault is not straight. 10 11 A fault $t$ in the fault system is represented by two polygons $(V^{ti})$ and $(v^{ti})$ 12 defining the top and bottom line of the fault $t$. 13 $V^{ti}$ defines the $i$-th fault vertex at the top of the fault (typically at the surface of the Earth) and 14 $v^{ti}$ defines the $i$-th fault vertex at the bottom of the fault. Both polygons need to contain the same number of 15 vertices. For the 2D case the polygon $(v^{ti})$ for the bottom edge of the fault is dropped. 16 The patch with the vertices 17 $V^{t(i-1)}$, $V^{ti}$ 18 $v^{t(i-1)}$, and $v^{ti}$ 19 is called the $i$-th segment of the fault t. In 2D the the line with the start point $V^{t(i-1)}$ 20 and the end point $V^{ti}$ is called the $i$-th segment, see Figure~\ref{FAULTSYSTEM2D}. 21 22 In general a fault does not define a plane surface (or a straight line in 2D). In order to simplify working on 23 a fault in a fault system a parametrization $P^t: (w\hackscore{0},w\hackscore{1}) \rightarrow (x\hackscore{0},x\hackscore{1},x\hackscore{2})$ over a rectangular domain is introduced such that 24 \begin{equation} 25 0\le w\hackscore{0} \le w^t\hackscore{0 max} \mbox{ and } -w^t\hackscore{1max}\le w\hackscore{1} \le 0 26 \label{eq:fault 1} 27 \end{equation} 28 with positive if numbers $w^t\hackscore{0 max}$ and $w^t\hackscore{1 max}$. Typically one chooses 29 $w^t\hackscore{0 max}$ to be the unrolled length of the fault 30 $w^t\hackscore{1 max}$ to be the mean value of segment depth. Moreover we have 31 \begin{equation} 32 P^t(W^{ti})=V^{ti}\mbox{ and } P^t(w^{ti})=v^{ti}\ 33 \label{eq:fault 2} 34 \end{equation} 35 where 36 \begin{equation} 37 W^{ti}=(d^{ti},0) \mbox{ and } w^{ti}=(d^{ti},-w^t\hackscore{1 max}) 38 \label{eq:fault 3} 39 \end{equation} 40 and $d^{ti}$ is the unrolled distance of $W^{ti}$ from $W^{t0}$. In the 2D case $w^t\hackscore{1 max}$ is set to zero and therefore the second component is dropped, see Figure~\ref{FAULTSYSTEM2D}. 41 42 In the case of 2D the parametrization $P^t$ is constructed as follows: 43 The line connecting $V^{t(i-1)}$ and $V^{ti}$ is given by 44 \begin{equation} 45 x=V^{t(i-1)} + s \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) 46 \label{eq:2D line 1} 47 \end{equation} 48 where $s$ is between $0$ and $1$. The point $x$ is on $i$-th fault segement if and only if 49 such an $s$ esxists. If assume $x$ is on the fault one can calculate $s$ as 50 \begin{equation} 51 s = \frac{ (x- V^{t(i-1)})^t \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) }{\|V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}\|^2} 52 \label{eq:2D line 1b} 53 \end{equation} 54 We then can set 55 \begin{equation} 56 w\hackscore{0}=d^{ti}+s \cdot (d^{ti}-d^{t(i-1)}) 57 \label{eq:2D line 2} 58 \end{equation} 59 to get $P^t(w\hackscore{0})=x$. 60 It remains the question if the given $x$ is actual on the segment $i$ of fault $t$. To test this $s$ is restricted 61 between $0$ and $1$ (so if $s<0$ $s$ is set to $0$ and if $s>1$ $s$ is set to $1$) and the we check the 62 residual of equation~\ref{eq:2D line 1}, ie. $x$ is been accepted to be in the segement if 63 \begin{equation} 64 \|x-V^{t(i-1)} - s \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) \| \le tol \cdot max(\|V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}\|, \|x-V^{t(i-1)} \|) 65 \label{eq:2D line 3} 66 \end{equation} 67 where $tol$ is a given tolerance. 68 69 ADD DISCRIPTION FOR 3D case. 70 71 \subsection{Functions} 72 73 \begin{classdesc}{FaultSystem}{ 74 \optional{dim =3}} 75 Creates a fault system in the \var{dim} dimensional space. 76 \end{classdesc} 77 78 79 80 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getDim}{} 81 returns the spatial dimension 82 \end{methoddesc} 83 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getLength}{tag} 84 returns the unrolled length of fault \var{tag}. 85 \end{methoddesc} 86 87 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getDepth}{tag} 88 returns the medium depth of fault \var{tag}. 89 \end{methoddesc} 90 91 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getTags}{} 92 returns a list of the tags used by the fault system 93 \end{methoddesc} 94 95 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW0Range}{tag} 96 returns the range of the parameterization in $w\hackscore{0}$. 97 For tag $t$ this is the pair $(d^{t0},d^{tn})$ where $n$ is the number of segments in the fault. 98 In most cases one has $(d^{t0},d^{tn})=(0,w^t\hackscore{0 max})$. 99 \end{methoddesc} 100 101 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW1Range}{tag} 102 returns the range of the parameterization in $w\hackscore{1}$. 103 For tag $t$ this is the pair $(-w^t\hackscore{1max},0)$. 104 \end{methoddesc} 105 106 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW0Offsets}{tag} 107 returns the offsets for the parametrization of fault \var{tag}. 108 For tag \var{tag}=$t$ this is the list $[d^{ti}]$. 109 \end{methoddesc} 110 111 112 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getFaultSegments}{tag} 113 returns the polygons used to describe fault \var{tag}. For \var{tag}=$t$ this is the list of the vertices 114 $[V^{ti}]$ for the 2D and the pair of lists of the top vertices $[V^{ti}]$ and the bottom vertices $[v^{ti}]$ in 3D. 115 Note that the coordinates are represented as \numpyNDA objects. 116 \end{methoddesc} 117 118 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getCenterOnSurface}{} 119 returns the center point of the fault system at the surfaces. In 3D the calculation of the center is 120 jfenwick 2651 considering the top edge of the faults and projects the edge to the surface (the $x\hackscore{2}$ component is assumed to be 0). An \numpyNDA object is returned. 121 gross 2647 \end{methoddesc} 122 123 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getOrientationOnSurface}{} 124 returns the orientation of the fault system in RAD on the surface ($x\hackscore{2}=0$ plane) around the fault system center. 125 \end{methoddesc} 126 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{transform}{\optional{rot=0, \optional{shift=numpy.zeros((3,)}}} 127 applies a shift \var{shift} and a consecutive rotation in the $x\hackscore{2}=0$ plane. 128 \var{rot} is a float number and \var{shift} an \numpyNDA object. 129 \end{methoddesc} 130 131 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{addFault}{top, tag \optional{, bottom=None \optional{, w0_offsets=None\optional{, w1_max=None}}}} 132 adds the fault \var{tag} to the fault system. 133 134 \var{top} is the list of the vertices defing the top of the fault 135 while \var{bottom} is the list of the vertices defing the bottom of the fault. 136 In the case of 2D \var{bottom} must not be present. Both list, if present, must have the same length. 137 \var{w1_max} defines the range of the $w\hackscore{1}$. If not present the mean value over the depth of 138 all segement edges in the fault is used. 139 \var{w0_offsets} sets the offsets $d^{ti}$. If not present it i schoosen such that $d^{ti}-d^{t(i-1)}$ is the length of the $i$-th segment. In some cases, eg. when kinks in the fault are relevant, it can be useful 140 to explicitly specify the offsets in order to simplify the signamnt of values. 141 \end{methoddesc} 142 143 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getMaxValue}{f\optional{, tol=1.e-8}} 144 returns the maximum value of \var{f}, the fault wher the maximum is found and the location on the fault in fault coordinates. \var{f} must be a \Scalar. When the maximum is calculated only \DataSamplePoints are considered 145 which are on a fault in the fault system in the sense of condition~\label{eq:2D line 3} or \label{eq:3D line 3}, respectively. In the case no \DataSamplePoints is found the returned tag is \var{None} and 146 the maximum value as well as the location of the maximum value are undefined. 147 \end{methoddesc} 148 149 \begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getParametrization}{x,tag \optional{\optional{, tol=1.e-8}, outsider=None}} 150 resturns the argument $w$ of the parameterization $P^t$ for \var{tag}=$t$ to provide \var{x} 151 together with a mask indicating where the given location if on a fault in the fault system by the value $1$ (otherwise the value is set to $0$). \var{x} needs to be \Vector or \numpyNDA object. \var{tol} defines the tolerance to decide if a given \DataSamplePoints is on fault \var{tag}. The value 152 \var{outside} is the value used as a replacement value for $w$ where the corresponding value in \var{x} is not 153 on a fault. If not \var{outside} is not present an appropriate value is used. 154 \end{methoddesc} 155 156 \subsection{Example} 157 See section~\ref{Slip CHAP} 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165