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\begin{figure} |
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\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figures/FaultSystem2D} |
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\caption{\label{FAULTSYSTEM2D}Two dimensional fault system with one fault named `t` in the $(x\hackscore{0},x\hackscore{1})$ and its parametrization in the |
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$w\hackscore{0}$ space. The fault has three segments.} |
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\end{figure} |
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|
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\section{Fault System} |
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The \class{FaultSystem} is an easy to use interface to handle 2D and 3D fault systems \index{faults} as used for instance in simulating fault ruptures. The main purpose of the class is to provide a parametrization of an individual fault in the system of fault. In case of a 2D fault the fault is parametrized by a single value $w\hackscore{0}$ and in the case of a 3D fault two parameters $w\hackscore{0}$ and $w\hackscore{1}$ are used. Thsi parametrization can be used |
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to impose data (e.g. a slip distribution) onto the fault. It can also be a useful tool to visualize or analyse the results on the fault if the fault is not straight. |
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A fault $t$ in the fault system is represented by two polygons $(V^{ti})$ and $(v^{ti})$ |
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defining the top and bottom line of the fault $t$. |
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$V^{ti}$ defines the $i$-th fault vertex at the top of the fault (typically at the surface of the Earth) and |
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$v^{ti}$ defines the $i$-th fault vertex at the bottom of the fault. Both polygons need to contain the same number of |
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vertices. For the 2D case the polygon $(v^{ti})$ for the bottom edge of the fault is dropped. |
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The patch with the vertices |
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$V^{t(i-1)}$, $V^{ti}$ |
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$v^{t(i-1)}$, and $v^{ti}$ |
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is called the $i$-th segment of the fault `t`. In 2D the the line with the start point $V^{t(i-1)}$ |
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and the end point $V^{ti}$ is called the $i$-th segment, see Figure~\ref{FAULTSYSTEM2D}. |
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|
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In general a fault does not define a plane surface (or a straight line in 2D). In order to simplify working on |
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a fault in a fault system a parametrization $P^t: (w\hackscore{0},w\hackscore{1}) \rightarrow (x\hackscore{0},x\hackscore{1},x\hackscore{2})$ over a rectangular domain is introduced such that |
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\begin{equation} |
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0\le w\hackscore{0} \le w^t\hackscore{0 max} \mbox{ and } -w^t\hackscore{1max}\le w\hackscore{1} \le 0 |
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\label{eq:fault 1} |
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\end{equation} |
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with positive if numbers $w^t\hackscore{0 max}$ and $w^t\hackscore{1 max}$. Typically one chooses |
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$w^t\hackscore{0 max}$ to be the unrolled length of the fault |
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$w^t\hackscore{1 max}$ to be the mean value of segment depth. Moreover we have |
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\begin{equation} |
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P^t(W^{ti})=V^{ti}\mbox{ and } P^t(w^{ti})=v^{ti}\ |
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\label{eq:fault 2} |
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\end{equation} |
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where |
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\begin{equation} |
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W^{ti}=(d^{ti},0) \mbox{ and } w^{ti}=(d^{ti},-w^t\hackscore{1 max}) |
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\label{eq:fault 3} |
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\end{equation} |
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and $d^{ti}$ is the unrolled distance of $W^{ti}$ from $W^{t0}$. In the 2D case $w^t\hackscore{1 max}$ is set to zero and therefore the second component is dropped, see Figure~\ref{FAULTSYSTEM2D}. |
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|
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In the case of 2D the parametrization $P^t$ is constructed as follows: |
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The line connecting $V^{t(i-1)}$ and $V^{ti}$ is given by |
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\begin{equation} |
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x=V^{t(i-1)} + s \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) |
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\label{eq:2D line 1} |
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\end{equation} |
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where $s$ is between $0$ and $1$. The point $x$ is on $i$-th fault segement if and only if |
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such an $s$ esxists. If assume $x$ is on the fault one can calculate $s$ as |
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\begin{equation} |
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s = \frac{ (x- V^{t(i-1)})^t \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) }{\|V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}\|^2} |
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\label{eq:2D line 1b} |
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\end{equation} |
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We then can set |
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\begin{equation} |
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w\hackscore{0}=d^{ti}+s \cdot (d^{ti}-d^{t(i-1)}) |
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\label{eq:2D line 2} |
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\end{equation} |
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to get $P^t(w\hackscore{0})=x$. |
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It remains the question if the given $x$ is actual on the segment $i$ of fault $t$. To test this $s$ is restricted |
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between $0$ and $1$ (so if $s<0$ $s$ is set to $0$ and if $s>1$ $s$ is set to $1$) and the we check the |
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residual of equation~\ref{eq:2D line 1}, ie. $x$ is been accepted to be in the segement if |
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\begin{equation} |
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\|x-V^{t(i-1)} - s \cdot (V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}) \| \le tol \cdot max(\|V^{ti}-V^{t(i-1)}\|, \|x-V^{t(i-1)} \|) |
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\label{eq:2D line 3} |
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\end{equation} |
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where $tol$ is a given tolerance. |
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ADD DISCRIPTION FOR 3D case. |
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|
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\subsection{Functions} |
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|
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\begin{classdesc}{FaultSystem}{ |
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\optional{dim =3}} |
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Creates a fault system in the \var{dim} dimensional space. |
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\end{classdesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getDim}{} |
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returns the spatial dimension |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getLength}{tag} |
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returns the unrolled length of fault \var{tag}. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getDepth}{tag} |
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returns the medium depth of fault \var{tag}. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getTags}{} |
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returns a list of the tags used by the fault system |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW0Range}{tag} |
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returns the range of the parameterization in $w\hackscore{0}$. |
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For tag $t$ this is the pair $(d^{t0},d^{tn})$ where $n$ is the number of segments in the fault. |
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In most cases one has $(d^{t0},d^{tn})=(0,w^t\hackscore{0 max})$. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW1Range}{tag} |
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returns the range of the parameterization in $w\hackscore{1}$. |
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For tag $t$ this is the pair $(-w^t\hackscore{1max},0)$. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getW0Offsets}{tag} |
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returns the offsets for the parametrization of fault \var{tag}. |
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For tag \var{tag}=$t$ this is the list $[d^{ti}]$. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getFaultSegments}{tag} |
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returns the polygons used to describe fault \var{tag}. For \var{tag}=$t$ this is the list of the vertices |
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$[V^{ti}]$ for the 2D and the pair of lists of the top vertices $[V^{ti}]$ and the bottom vertices $[v^{ti}]$ in 3D. |
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Note that the coordinates are represented as \numpyNDA objects. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getCenterOnSurface}{} |
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returns the center point of the fault system at the surfaces. In 3D the calculation of the center is |
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considering the top edge of the faults and projects the edge to the surface (the $x\hackscore{2}$ component is assumed to be 0}. An \numpyNDA object is returned. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getOrientationOnSurface}{} |
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returns the orientation of the fault system in RAD on the surface ($x\hackscore{2}=0$ plane) around the fault system center. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{transform}{\optional{rot=0, \optional{shift=numpy.zeros((3,)}}} |
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applies a shift \var{shift} and a consecutive rotation in the $x\hackscore{2}=0$ plane. |
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\var{rot} is a float number and \var{shift} an \numpyNDA object. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{addFault}{top, tag \optional{, bottom=None \optional{, w0_offsets=None\optional{, w1_max=None}}}} |
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adds the fault \var{tag} to the fault system. |
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\var{top} is the list of the vertices defing the top of the fault |
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while \var{bottom} is the list of the vertices defing the bottom of the fault. |
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In the case of 2D \var{bottom} must not be present. Both list, if present, must have the same length. |
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\var{w1_max} defines the range of the $w\hackscore{1}$. If not present the mean value over the depth of |
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all segement edges in the fault is used. |
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\var{w0_offsets} sets the offsets $d^{ti}$. If not present it i schoosen such that $d^{ti}-d^{t(i-1)}$ is the length of the $i$-th segment. In some cases, eg. when kinks in the fault are relevant, it can be useful |
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to explicitly specify the offsets in order to simplify the signamnt of values. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getMaxValue}{f\optional{, tol=1.e-8}} |
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returns the maximum value of \var{f}, the fault wher the maximum is found and the location on the fault in fault coordinates. \var{f} must be a \Scalar. When the maximum is calculated only \DataSamplePoints are considered |
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which are on a fault in the fault system in the sense of condition~\label{eq:2D line 3} or \label{eq:3D line 3}, respectively. In the case no \DataSamplePoints is found the returned tag is \var{None} and |
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the maximum value as well as the location of the maximum value are undefined. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\begin{methoddesc}[FaultSystem]{getParametrization}{x,tag \optional{\optional{, tol=1.e-8}, outsider=None}} |
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resturns the argument $w$ of the parameterization $P^t$ for \var{tag}=$t$ to provide \var{x} |
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together with a mask indicating where the given location if on a fault in the fault system by the value $1$ (otherwise the value is set to $0$). \var{x} needs to be \Vector or \numpyNDA object. \var{tol} defines the tolerance to decide if a given \DataSamplePoints is on fault \var{tag}. The value |
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\var{outside} is the value used as a replacement value for $w$ where the corresponding value in \var{x} is not |
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on a fault. If not \var{outside} is not present an appropriate value is used. |
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\end{methoddesc} |
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\subsection{Example} |
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See section~\ref{Slip CHAP} |
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