# Diff of /trunk/doc/user/levelset.tex

revision 2128 by lgraham, Thu Dec 4 03:48:22 2008 UTC revision 2191 by lgraham, Mon Jan 5 00:30:15 2009 UTC
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15  \section{Rayleigh-Taylor Instability}  \section{Rayleigh-Taylor Instability}
16  \label{LEVELSET CHAP}  \label{LEVELSET CHAP}
17
18  In this chapter we will implement the Level Set Method in Escript for tracking the interface between two fluids for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The method is tested with a Rayleigh-Taylor Instability problem, which is an instability of the interface between two fluids with differing densities. \\  In this section we will implement the Level Set Method in Escript for tracking the interface between two fluids for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The method is tested with a Rayleigh-Taylor Instability problem, which is an instability of the interface between two fluids with differing densities. \\
19  Normally in Earth science problems two or more fluids in a system with different properties are of interest. For example, lava dome growth in volcanology, with the contrast of the two mediums as being lava and air. The interface between the two mediums is often referred to as a free surface (free boundary value problem); the problem arises due to the large differences in densities between the lava and air, with their ratio being around 2000, and so the interface between the two fluids move with respect to each other.    Normally in Earth science problems two or more fluids in a system with different properties are of interest. For example, lava dome growth in volcanology, with the contrast of the two mediums as being lava and air. The interface between the two mediums is often referred to as a free surface (free boundary value problem); the problem arises due to the large differences in densities between the lava and air, with their ratio being around 2000, and so the interface between the two fluids move with respect to each other.
20  %and so the lava with the much higher density is able to move independently with respect to the air, and the interface between the two fluids is not constrained.  %and so the lava with the much higher density is able to move independently with respect to the air, and the interface between the two fluids is not constrained.
21  There are a number of numerical techniques to define and track the free surfaces. One of these methods, which is conceptually the simplest, is to construct a Lagrangian grid which moves with the fluid, and so it tracks the free surface. The limitation of this method is that it cannot track surfaces that break apart or intersect. Another limitation is that the elements in the grid can become severely distorted, resulting in numerical instability. The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method for CFD in moving domains is used to overcome this problem by remeshing, but there is an overhead in computational time, and it results in a loss of accuracy due to the process of mapping the state variables every remesh by interpolation.  There are a number of numerical techniques to define and track the free surfaces. One of these methods, which is conceptually the simplest, is to construct a Lagrangian grid which moves with the fluid, and so it tracks the free surface. The limitation of this method is that it cannot track surfaces that break apart or intersect. Another limitation is that the elements in the grid can become severely distorted, resulting in numerical instability. The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method for CFD in moving domains is used to overcome this problem by remeshing, but there is an overhead in computational time, and it results in a loss of accuracy due to the process of mapping the state variables every remesh by interpolation.
# Line 86  into Equation (\ref{TAYLOR EXPANSION}) Line 86  into Equation (\ref{TAYLOR EXPANSION})
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89  \subsection{Governing Equations for Fluid Flow}  %\subsection{Governing Equations for Fluid Flow}
90
91  The fluid dynamics is governed by the Stokes equations. In geophysical problems the velocity of fluids are low; that is, the inertial forces are small compared with the viscous forces, therefore the inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations can be ignored. For a body force $f$ the governing equations are given by:  %The fluid dynamics is governed by the Stokes equations. In geophysical problems the velocity of fluids are low; that is, the inertial forces are small compared with the viscous forces, therefore the inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations can be ignored. For a body force $f$ the governing equations are given by:
92  %  %
93    %
94  \nabla \cdot (\eta(\nabla \vec{v} + \nabla^{T} \vec{v})) - \nabla p = -f,  %\nabla \cdot (\eta(\nabla \vec{v} + \nabla^{T} \vec{v})) - \nabla p = -f,
95  \label{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES}  %\label{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES}
96    %
97  %  %
98  with the incompressibility condition  5with the incompressibility condition
99  %  %
100    %
101  \nabla \cdot \vec{v} = 0.  %\nabla \cdot \vec{v} = 0.
102  \label{INCOMPRESSIBILITY}  %\label{INCOMPRESSIBILITY}
103    %
104  %  %
105  where $p$, $\eta$ and $f$ are the pressure, viscosity and body forces, respectively.  %where $p$, $\eta$ and $f$ are the pressure, viscosity and body forces, respectively.
106  Alternatively, the Stokes equations can be represented in Einstein summation tensor notation (compact notation):  %Alternatively, the Stokes equations can be represented in Einstein summation tensor notation (compact notation):
107  %  %
108    %
109  -(\eta(v\hackscore{i,j} + v\hackscore{j,i})),\hackscore{j} - p,\hackscore{i} = f\hackscore{i},  %-(\eta(v\hackscore{i,j} + v\hackscore{j,i})),\hackscore{j} - p,\hackscore{i} = f\hackscore{i},
110  \label{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES COM}  %\label{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES COM}
111    %
112  %  %
113  with the incompressibility condition  5with the incompressibility condition
114  %  %
115    %
116  -v\hackscore{i,i} = 0.  %-v\hackscore{i,i} = 0.
117  \label{INCOMPRESSIBILITY COM}  %\label{INCOMPRESSIBILITY COM}
118    %
119  %  %
120  The subscript comma $i$ denotes the derivative of the function with respect to $x\hackscore{i}$. A linear relationship between the deviatoric stress $\sigma^{'}\hackscore{ij}$ and the stretching $D\hackscore{ij} = \frac{1}{2}(v\hackscore{i,j} + v\hackscore{j,i})$ is defined as \cite{GROSS2006}:  %The subscript comma $i$ denotes the derivative of the function with respect to $x\hackscore{i}$. A linear relationship between the deviatoric stress $\sigma^{'}\hackscore{ij}$ and the stretching $D\hackscore{ij} = \frac{1}{2}(v\hackscore{i,j} + v\hackscore{j,i})$ is defined as \cite{GROSS2006}:
121  %  %
122    %
123  \sigma^{'}\hackscore{ij} = 2\eta D^{'}\hackscore{ij},  %\sigma^{'}\hackscore{ij} = 2\eta D^{'}\hackscore{ij},
124  \label{STRESS}  %\label{STRESS}
125    %
126  %  %
127  where the deviatoric stretching $D^{'}\hackscore{ij}$ is defined as  5where the deviatoric stretching $D^{'}\hackscore{ij}$ is defined as
128  %  %
129    %
130  D^{'}\hackscore{ij} = D^{'}\hackscore{ij} - \frac{1}{3}D\hackscore{kk}\delta\hackscore{ij}.  %D^{'}\hackscore{ij} = D^{'}\hackscore{ij} - \frac{1}{3}D\hackscore{kk}\delta\hackscore{ij}.
131  \label{DEVIATORIC STRETCHING}  %\label{DEVIATORIC STRETCHING}
132    %
133  %  %
134  where $\delta\hackscore{ij}$ is the Kronecker $\delta$-symbol, which is a matrix with ones for its diagonal entries ($i = j$) and zeros for the remaining entries ($i \neq j$). The body force $f$ in Equation (\ref{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES COM}) is the gravity acting in the $x\hackscore{3}$ direction and is given as $f = -g \rho \delta\hackscore{i3}$.  %where $\delta\hackscore{ij}$ is the Kronecker $\delta$-symbol, which is a matrix with ones for its diagonal entries ($i = j$) and zeros for the remaining entries ($i \neq j$). The body force $f$ in Equation (\ref{GENERAL NAVIER STOKES COM}) is the gravity acting in the $x\hackscore{3}$ direction and is given as $f = -g \rho \delta\hackscore{i3}$.
135  The Stokes equations is a saddle point problem, and can be solved using a Uzawa scheme. A class called StokesProblemCartesian in Escript can be used to solve for velocity and pressure.  %The Stokes equations is a saddle point problem, and can be solved using a Uzawa scheme. A class called StokesProblemCartesian in Escript can be used to solve for velocity and pressure.
136  In order to keep numerical stability, the time-step size needs to be below a certain value, known as the Courant number. The Courant number is defined as:  %In order to keep numerical stability, the time-step size needs to be below a certain value, known as the Courant number. The Courant number is defined as:
137  %  %
138    %
139  C = \frac{v \delta t}{h}.  %C = \frac{v \delta t}{h}.
140  \label{COURANT}  %\label{COURANT}
141    %
142  %  %
143  where $\delta t$, $v$, and $h$ are the time-step, velocity, and the width of an element in the mesh, respectively. The velocity $v$ may be chosen as the maximum velocity in the domain. In this problem the Courant number is taken to be 0.4 \cite{BOURGOUIN2006}.  %where $\delta t$, $v$, and $h$ are the time-step, velocity, and the width of an element in the mesh, respectively. The velocity $v$ may be chosen as the maximum velocity in the domain. In this problem the Courant number is taken to be 0.4 \cite{BOURGOUIN2006}.
144
145
146  \subsection{Reinitialization of Interface}  \subsection{Reinitialization of Interface}

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